QUANTIFIERS

They show many things or how much of something we are talking about.

How much and how many

EXAMPLES

* I do not have much money.

* She does not haver many apples.

COUNT AND UNCOUNT QUANTIFIERS

                               

COUNT QUANTIFIERS

EXAMPLES

*She has some books that can help you.

*Do you have any colors that I can use in my drawing   

*I have a lot of  pairs of shoes.

* I do not have enough rooms in my house.

                                            

UNCOUNT QUANTIFIERS

EXAMPLES

*I want to drink some orange juice.

* she does not bring any water for us.

*How much sugar do you need 

*You are drinking too many coffee.

      

PRONOUNS

 

SUBJECT PRONOUNS

EXAMPLES:

*I READ BOOKS EVERY DAY.

*HE WAS DANCING WITH YOUR SISTER.

*SHE WASHES THE DISHES EVERY DAY.

*IT HAS TOO MANY HAIR.

WE USED TO PLAY WITH THAT BALL.

THEY HAVE TO STUDY HARD.

OBJECT PRONOUNS

 EXAMPLES:

*THE TEACHER GAVE ME AN APPLE.
*I TOLD HIM THAT HE WAS DANCING WITH MY BROTHER.
*I TOLD HER BROTHER  THAT I WAS STUDYING GRAMMAR.
*I DON´T LIKE IT BECAUSE IT WAS TOO SALT.
*THE TEACHER TOLD US THAT HE WAS GOING TO HELP US.
*I TOLD YOU THAT  THE HOMEWORK WAS FOR THE NEXT MONDAY.
 
                          

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES+ NOUN

EXAMPLES:


*MY HOUSE IS SMALL, BUT IT HAS ENOUGH SPACE FOR YOU.
*HIS SISTER WAS WORKING AS A TEACHER.
*HER BOOKSTORE WAS LOCATED IN THAT PLACE.
*ITS EARS ARE TOO HAIRY.
*YOUR HAIR IS VERY LONG AND CURLY.
*THEIR BOOKS ARE IN THE TABLE.
*OUR TEACHER IS A VERY INTELLIGENT MAN.
*YOUR BOOKS WERE IN THE TABLE.

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS


                                



EXAMPLES:

*THIS PENCIL IS MINE.
*THE NEW CELLPHONE IS HIS.
*THE SHOES THAT I AM WEARING ARE HERS.
*THET HOUSE IS OURS.
*THIS HOMEWORK IS YOURS
*THE BOOKS ARE YOURS.
*THE CELLPHONES ARE THEIRS.

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

EXAMPLES:

*I DID THE HOMEWORK BY MYSELF.
*YOU CAN DO IT BY YOURSELF.
*HE WRITES THE LETTERS BY HIMSELF.
*SHE WASHES THE CLOTHES BY HERSELF.
*THE DOG COULD WALK BY ITSELF.
*WE MADE THE CAKE BY OURSELVES.
* YOU HAVE TO STUDY BY YOURSELVES.
*THEY BUILT THE HOUSE BY THEMSELVES.
*THEY HELP EACH OTHER.
                                   





ONE AND YOU






WE USE ONE AS A PRONOUN MEANING EVERYONE/ ANYONE, TO REFER TO PEOPLE IN GENERAL "ONLY WHEN WE WANT TO BE FORMAL"

EXAMPLES:

*ONE MUST BE RESPONSABLE.
*ONE IS NOT ALLOWED TO TALK IN CLASS.
*ONE GETS MORE INFORMATION.

ONE AND ONES IN PLACE OF COUNTABLE NOUNS


EXAMPLES:

*WE USE ONES TO AVOID REPEATING A PLURAL COUNTABLE NOUN:

• I DON NOT WANT TO WEAR MY BLACK SHOES. I WANT TO WEAR THE PINK ONES.
• I CAN NOT READ MY NEW BOOKS COLLECTION. I WANT TO READ THE OLD ONES.

* WE CAN USE ONE AND ONES FOR PEOPLE AS WELL AS THING.

• DO YOU KNOW GABRIELA? IS SHE THE ONE THAT HAS A RED CAR.
• DO TOU KNOW ERICK? IS HE THE ONE WHO WAS IN THE RESTAURANT.
• DID YOU KNOW THAT STUDENTS? WERE THEY THE ONES WHO TOOK ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
• DO YOU KNOW THAT DOCTORS? ARE THEY THE ONES THAT WORK IN THAT HOSPITAL.

DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES

*THIS AND THESE MAY REFER TO SOMETHING THAT IS CLOSE TO YOU.


                            
EXAMPLES:

• THIS IS MY UMBRELLA.

 

• THESE BOOKS ARE HERS.

*THAT AND THOSE MAY REFER TO SOMETHING THAT IS NOT CLOSE TO YOU.

                    

EXAMPLES:

• THAT IS MY HOUSE.

 

• THOSE ARE MY STUDENTS.

 

ARTICLES

 

• THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE IS THE A IS THE SAME FOR ALL GENDERS.

EXAMPLES:

*I HAVE A DOLL THAT IS VERY OLD.

*I WAS BITE BY A DOG

*A DOCTOE IS A PERSON VERY INTELLIGENT.

 THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE HAS NO PLURAL FORM.

A BOY- BOY

A CAR - CARS

A DOLL - DOLLS

A DOCTOR - DOCTORS

• WE USE AN IF THE FOLLOWING WORD START WITH A VOWEL

 EXAMPLES:

*I LIVE IN AN OLD HOUSE.

* SHE  WANTS AN APPLE PIE.

*HE IS AN AMERICAN BOY.

• THE DEFINITE ARTICLE THE IS THE SAME FOR ALL GENDERS IN SINGULAR AND IN PLURAL. IF THE FOLLOWING WORD BEGINS WITH A VOWEL WE SPEAK   []  AND IF THE THE FOLLOWING WORD BEGINS WITH A CONSONANT WE SPEAK   []. 

EXAMPLES:

*SHE IS THE GIRK THA GAVE ME A FLOWER.

*THE EARTH HAS A LOT OF WATER.

*THE ENGLISH MAN IS WASHIN THE DISHES.

NOUNS

A noun is a word used to name a person, animal, place, thing and abstract idea.

 

NOUN GENDER: IN ENGLISH HE OR SHE IS USED FOR PEOPLE AND IT FOR THINGS, BUT THRE ARE SOME EXCEPTIONS.

 

 

PROPER NOUN: YOU ALWAYS WRITE A PRPER NOUN WITH A CAPITAL LETTER, SINCE THE NOUN REPRESENT THE  NAME OF A SPECIFIC PERSON, PLACE OR THING.

EXAMPLES:

*JAMAICA IS A BEAUTIFUL COUNTRY.

*BRENDA IS AN INTELLIGENT GIRL.

*OLOCUILTA IS THE CITY WHERE THE PUPUSAS WAS BORN.

COMMON NOUNS: ARE GENERAL NOUNS.

EXAMPLES:

*I HAVE A DOG CALLED DOGUY.

* SHE LOVES HER CAT.

*THIS IS THE TREE IN WHICH I USED TO PLAY.

*MY FATHER GAVE ME THAT CLOCK.

 

ABSTRACT NOUNS: 


                           

   

YOU CAN NOT SEE IT.

 

YOU CAN NOT HEAR IT.

YOU CAN NOT SMELL IT.

YOU CAN NOT TASTE IT.

YOU CAN NOT TOUCH IT.

 

EXAMPLES:

*YOU HAVE TO LIVE IN PEACE WITH YOUR FAMILY.
*HE HAS A BIG EGO.
*SHE HAS A GOOD IDEA.


COUNTABLE NOUNS: NOUNS THAT CAN BE COUNTED.

EXAMPLES:

*I ONLY HAVE SIX DOLLARS IN MY WALLET.

*MY SISTER´S CATS ARE TOO NOISY.

*I LIKE ALL THE CARS THAT THIS STORE HAS.

UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS: ARE NOUNS THAT CAN NOT BE COUNTED.

EXAMPLES:

*OXYGEN IS VERY IMPORTANT FOR HUMAN LIFE.

*FIRE WAS BURNING MY HOUSE.

*YOU HAVE TO DRINK WATER EVERY DAY.

 

COLLECTIVE NOUNS: NOUNS THAT REFER TO A GROUP OF THINGS OR PEOPLE.

EXAMPLES:

*I HAVE A BIG FAMILY.

*THE JURY WAS WRONG WHEN THEY PUNISHMENT ALL THAT PEOPLE.

* THE CLASS WAS VERY INTERESTING.

CONCRETE NOUNS: IS ANOUN WHICH NAME  ANYTHING OR ANYONE THAT YOU CAN PRECEIVE THROUG YOUR PHYSICAL SENSES: TOUCH, SIGHT, TASTE, HEARING OR SMELL.

EXAMPLES:

*MY FATHER BOUGHT ME A COMPUTER.

*THIS IS A BEAUTIFUL LAKE.

*MY HOUSE WAS MADE WITH WOOD.

ABSTRACT NOUNS: IS A NOUN WHICH NAMES ANYTHING WHICH  YOU CAN NOT PERCIEVE THROUGH YOUR FIVE PHYSICAL SENSES.

EXAMPLES.

*I CAN NOT LIVE WITHOUT LOVE.

*MY BROTHER IS AN INTELLIGENT  MAN.

GENITIVE  CASE

 

 EXAMPLES:

*MY MOTHER´S HOUSE IS WONDERFUL

*MY BOYFRIEND´S CAR IS RED.

*MY BOSS´S CAR WAS STOLEN.

*THE GIRLS´  DOLLS ARE IN THAT BOX.

PLURAL NOUNS

 

EXAMPLES:

*MY PENS ARE IN THIS BOX.

*SHE HAS ONLY ONE PEN.

*MY STUNDENTS ARE VERY INTELLIGENT.

*THE STUDENT FORGOT THE HOMEWORK.

SUBJECT AND VERB AGREEMENT

BASIC RULE:

The  basic rule states that a singular subject takes a singular verb, while a plural subject takes a plural verb.

RULE 1

Two singular subjects connected by or or nor require a singular verb.

EXAMPLES: 

*Brenda or Marisol talks about this topic.

* M y dog or my cat is eating my hamburger right now.

* My father or my mother is cooking the dinner.

*My brother or my sister  is cleaning the garden.

RULE 2:

Two singular subjects connected by either or neither require a singular verb as in rule 1.

EXAMPLES:

*Neither my brother nor my sister cleans the garden.

*Neither the doctor nor the nurse takes care of mu grand father.

*Either my English teacher or Mathematic teacher talks about the exam.

*Either Diego or E rick does the homework.

RULE 3:

When is one of the two subjects connected by either/or or neither/nor, put it second and follow it with a singular verb am.

 EXAMPLES:

*Neither he or I am doing the homework.

*Either Blanca or I am going to the beach.

*Either she or I am playing the guitar.

 RULE 4:

When a singular subject is connected by or or nor to a plural subject, put the plural subject las and use a plural verb.

EXAMPLES:

*The watermelon or the oranges help to prevent the flu.

*The banana or the apples clean the teeth.

*The suggar or the eggs go in this recipient.

RULE 5

When a singular and plural subject are connected by either/or or neither/nor, put the plural subject last and use a plural verb.

EXAMPLE:

*Neither the teacher nor the the students are angry with you.

*Either the nurse or the doctors are bussy.

*Neither Cristobal nor the others do his homework.

RULE 6: 

As a general rule, use plural verb with two or more subjects when they are connected by and.

EAMPLES:

*Karen and Douglas are very intelligent.

*An apple and an orange are good for your health.

*Rodrigo and Julio  are best friends.

*The doctor and teh nurse are hard workers.

RULE 7 
Sometimes the suject is separated from the verb by words such as along, as well, besides, or not. Ignore these expression when determining whether to use a singular or plural verb.


EXAMPLES


*The teacher along with the student, is working hard.
*Doing exercises as well eating halthy food, is very important for your life.

RULE 8


The pronouns each, everyone, everybody, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody are singular and require a singular verbs. Do not be misled by what follows of.


EXAMPLES
*Somebody sings that beautiful song.
*I do not know if anybody talks about the legend. 
*I know something about history.
*I know nothing about American Culture.
Nobody brings the homework.


RULE 9
With words that indicate portions, percent, fraction, part, majority, some, all, none, remainder, and so forth, look at the the noun in your of phrase to determinate whether to use a singular or plural vrb. If the object of the preposition is singular, use a singulae verb. If the object of the preposition is plural use a plural verb.


EXAMPLES


*Twenty percent of Salavdorians are ready for the elections.
*Twenty percent of Salavadorianis working on bad conditios,
*One third of the people are studying at the university.









RUlE 10
The expression the number is followed by a singular verb while the expression a number is followed by a plural verb.


EXAMPLES


*The number of electos that we need is very high.
*The number of students is highest than other years.
*A number of people that are in the university are high this year.







RULE 11
When either and neither are subject, they always take singular verb.


EXAMPLES
*Neither of you is ready for the exam.
*Neither of students is understanding my class.
*Either of them is making a phone call.
*Either of us is talking in the class.


RULE 12
The words here and there have generally been  labeled as adverbs even thoung they indicate place. In sentences beginnning with here or there, the subject follow the verb.


EXAMPLES
*There is a beutiful church.
*There is a wonderful park.
*There are three buildings that lok interesting.
*There are different types of students.





RULE 13
Use a singular verb with sums of money or periods of time.


EXAMPLES
*Five years is the time that she needs for her graduation.
*Seven years is enough time to finish the building.


RULE 14
Sometimes the pronoun who, that or which is the subject of a verb in the middle of the sentence. The pronoun who, that and which become singular or plural according to the noun directly in front of them. 

EXAMPLES
*My father is a person who enjoys helping people.
*The doctor is someone who helps other people.
*A nurse is someone who takes care of people.
*He is one the nurses who takes care of my faher.
*They  are a group of people that are very intelligent. 



RULE 15
Collective nouns such as team and staff may de either singular or plural depending on their use in the sentence.


EXAMPLES
*The staff is taking a lunch.
*Staff is doing a very good job.
*The staff members are in problems with their boss.
The club members are in disagreement with their boss.

RELATIVE CLAUSES AS OBJECT

-Karina, who is my best friend, is very intelligent.

-Carlos, that is my doctor, is very patient.

-Doggi, that is my pet, is very funny.

-Erick, who is my father, was angry yesterday. 

EXAMPLES OF RELATIVE CLAUSES

*The house where we lived for many years is not there anymore.

*She is the girl whose brother won first prize.

*Is he the doctor who operated you?

*He is the doctor whom I gave my phone number.
*This is the book which my father bougth for me.
* I like to have pets that are quiet.
*I am going to cook the dinner if you help me.
*You can say what you want.
*When I was child I used to play with dolls.
*Can you tell me how you do that paint.
*Please tell him why you called me.
*Whoever want to eat a pizza can call me now.
*Whenever you want I can help you.
*He can do whatever he want.
*You can go wherever you can.